LeetCode 75. Sort Colors

Solving LeetCode 75. Sort Colors with a two pointer approach. Click here and try it out your self!

This problem is also known ad the Dutch National Flag problem because the flag has three colors.

LeetCode Problem Statement

Given an array nums with n objects colored red, white, or blue, sort them in-place so that objects of the same color are adjacent, with the colors in the order red, white, and blue.

We will use the integers 0, 1, and 2 to represent the color red, white, and blue, respectively.

You must solve this problem without using the library’s sort function.

Input: nums = [2,0,2,1,1,0]
Output: [0,0,1,1,2,2]

Input: nums = [2,0,1]
Output: [0,1,2]

This problem is simple enough. But can we solve it in O(n) time without any extra space?!

Take a breath to think about it…

AAAAHHHH… Yes! But how? Two pointer approach to the rescue

The Algorithm Plan

The intentions of the machine we will create…

Execution

• Create three global variables for positions
  • idx, iterator, current value
  • low, last lowest index, for 0s
  • high, last highest index, for 2s
• Iterate number by number until we reach the current high value
  • Implement this with a while loop, while idx <= high
  • It’s important to use high here because the value will change. We need the loop to terminate early for things to work as expected.
• Run checks
  • If the num === 0
    • swap values with left pointer
    • increment the left pointer
    • increment idx
  • If the num === 2
    • swap values with the right pointer
    • decrement the right pointer
  • If the num === 1
    • increment the idx, this value is in the right place
• return the array

Planning is a crucial part of solving problems. Take the time to plan and set your self up for a easy execution.

Lets code it up!

Code

const swap = (values, iOne, iTwo) => {
    const temp = values[iOne];
    values[iOne] = values[iTwo];
    values[iTwo] = temp;
}

const sortColors = (nums) => {
    
    let idx = 0;
    let low = 0;
    let high = nums.length - 1;

    while (idx <= high) {
        let val = nums[idx];
        if (val === 0) {
            swap(nums, low, idx);
            low++;
            idx++;
        } else if (val === 2) {
            swap(nums, high, idx);
            high--;
        } else {
            idx++;
        }
    }
    return nums;
};

Summary

This algorithm runs in O(n) time with O(1) space. Very nice. Satisfying these constraints is the hardest part of this problem. Using the two pointer approach works quite nicely. I have used two pointers before but using them in this fashion is new to me. This is a great one to visualize in your mind a bit as far as how it’s actually working.

When writing the plan section I didn’t think about the helper function for the swapping. The helper function dawned on me as I was coding up the solution. I think shaping your algorithm a bit as you go is ok. Figuring out how to structure it while you are coding up though… I’m sure it can be done, but it’s not the best approach.

Take the time to plan. A Wizard in the future will thank you. That Wizard will be you, if you hone in your planning game.

Hope you found this walk through helpful!